Immune response of teleost fish to helminth parasite infection / Resposta imune de peixes teleósteos às infecções por parasitos helmintos

Abstract Fish immune systems have become the subject of several studies due to the growing development of aquaculture and fisheries, and the demand for healthy produce for human consumption. Among the parasites responsible for diseases in fish farming, helminths stand out because they cause infections in farmed fish and decrease food conversion, zootechnical performance and meat quality. In the present review, the components that participate in the innate and adaptive immune responses of teleost fish that have so far been described are presented in order to summarize the defenses that these hosts have recourse to, in combating different groups of helminth parasites.

Resumo O sistema imune dos peixes tem se tornado alvo de muitas pesquisas devido ao crescente desenvolvimento da aquicultura e da pesca, assim como a exigência de obtenção de animais saudáveis para o consumo humano. Dentre os parasitos responsáveis pelas enfermidades na piscicultura, os helmintos destacam-se por causarem infecções nos peixes cultivados e por ocasionarem diminuição da conversão alimentar, do desempenho zootécnico e da qualidade da carne. Nesta revisão, apresentaremos os componentes que participam das respostas imunes inata e adaptativa dos peixes teleósteos já descritos, a fim de sintetizar à quais defesas o hospedeiro recorre frente aos diferentes grupos de parasitos.

Immune response of teleost fish to helminth parasite infection.

Fish immune systems have become the subject of several studies due to the growing development of aquaculture and fisheries, and the demand for healthy produce for human consumption. Among the parasites responsible for diseases in fish farming, helminths stand out because they cause infections in farmed fish and decrease food conversion, zootechnical performance and meat quality. In the present review, the components that participate in the innate and adaptive immune responses of teleost fish that have so far been described are presented in order to summarize the defenses that these hosts have recourse to, in combating different groups of helminth parasites.

Crotalus durissus ruruima Snake Venom and a Phospholipase A2 Isolated from This Venom Elicit Macrophages to Form Lipid Droplets and Synthesize Inflammatory Lipid Mediators.

Viper snake Crotalus durissus ruruima (Cdr) is a subspecies found in northern area of Brazil. Among the snakes of Crotalus genus subspecies, the venom of Cdr presents highest level of crotoxin, which is the major component of Crotalus snake venoms, formed by two subunits (crotapotin and a phospholipase A2 named CBr) and presents potent neurotoxic activity. Curiously, the venom of C. d. ruruima (CdrV) is better neutralized by antibothropic than by anticrotalic serum, strongly suggesting that this venom has similarities with venom of Bothrops genus snakes with regard to the ability to induce inflammation. Macrophages are cells with a central role in inflammatory and immunological responses. Upon inflammatory stimuli, these cells exhibit increased numbers of lipid droplets, which are key organelles in the synthesis and release of inflammatory mediators. However, the effects of CdrV and CBr in macrophage functions are unknown. We herein investigated the ability of CdrV and CBr to activate macrophages with focus on the formation of lipid droplets (LDs), synthesis of lipid mediators, and mechanisms involved in these effects. The involvement of LDs in PGE2 biosynthesis was also assessed. Stimulation of murine macrophages with CdrV and CBr induced an increased number of LDs and release of prostanoids (PGE2, PGD2, and TXB2). Neither CdrV nor CBr induced the expression of COX-1 and COX-2 by macrophages. LDs induced by both CdrV and CBr are associated to PLIN2 recruitment and expression and were shown to be dependent on COX-1, but not COX-2 activity. Moreover, PGE2 colocalized to CdrV- and CBr-induced LDs, revealing the role of these organelles as sites for the synthesis of prostanoids. These results evidence, for the first time, the ability of a whole snake venom to induce formation of LDs and the potential role of these organelles for the production of inflammatory mediators during envenomation by Crotalus snakes.

Crotalus durissus ruruima snake venom and a Phospholipase A2 isolated from this venom elicit macrophages to form lipid droplets and synthesize inflammatory lipid mediators

Viper snake Crotalus durissus ruruima (Cdr) is a subspecies found in northern area of Brazil. Among the snakes of Crotalus genus subspecies, the venom of Cdr presents highest level of crotoxin, which is the major component of Crotalus snake venoms, formed by two subunits (crotapotin and a phospholipase A2 named CBr) and presents potent neurotoxic activity. Curiously, the venom of C. d. ruruima (CdrV) is better neutralized by antibothropic than by anticrotalic serum, strongly suggesting that this venom has similarities with venom of Bothrops genus snakes with regard to the ability to induce inflammation. Macrophages are cells with a central role in inflammatory and immunological responses. Upon inflammatory stimuli, these cells exhibit increased numbers of lipid droplets, which are key organelles in the synthesis and release of inflammatory mediators. However, the effects of CdrV and CBr in macrophage functions are unknown. We herein investigated the ability of CdrV and CBr to activate macrophages with focus on the formation of lipid droplets (LDs), synthesis of lipid mediators, and mechanisms involved in these effects. The involvement of LDs in PGE2 biosynthesis was also assessed. Stimulation of murine macrophages with CdrV and CBr induced an increased number of LDs and release of prostanoids (PGE2, PGD2, and TXB2). Neither CdrV nor CBr induced the expression of COX-1 and COX-2 by macrophages. LDs induced by both CdrV and CBr are associated to PLIN2 recruitment and expression and were shown to be dependent on COX-1, but not COX-2 activity. Moreover, PGE2 colocalized to CdrV- and CBr-induced LDs, revealing the role of these organelles as sites for the synthesis of prostanoids. These results evidence, for the first time, the ability of a whole snake venom to induce formation of LDs and the potential role of these organelles for the production of inflammatory mediators during envenomation by Crotalus snakes.

Crotalus durissus ruruima snake venom and a Phospholipase A2 isolated from this venom elicit macrophages to form lipid droplets and synthesize inflammatory lipid mediators

Viper snake Crotalus durissus ruruima (Cdr) is a subspecies found in northern area of Brazil. Among the snakes of Crotalus genus subspecies, the venom of Cdr presents highest level of crotoxin, which is the major component of Crotalus snake venoms, formed by two subunits (crotapotin and a phospholipase A2 named CBr) and presents potent neurotoxic activity. Curiously, the venom of C. d. ruruima (CdrV) is better neutralized by antibothropic than by anticrotalic serum, strongly suggesting that this venom has similarities with venom of Bothrops genus snakes with regard to the ability to induce inflammation. Macrophages are cells with a central role in inflammatory and immunological responses. Upon inflammatory stimuli, these cells exhibit increased numbers of lipid droplets, which are key organelles in the synthesis and release of inflammatory mediators. However, the effects of CdrV and CBr in macrophage functions are unknown. We herein investigated the ability of CdrV and CBr to activate macrophages with focus on the formation of lipid droplets (LDs), synthesis of lipid mediators, and mechanisms involved in these effects. The involvement of LDs in PGE2 biosynthesis was also assessed. Stimulation of murine macrophages with CdrV and CBr induced an increased number of LDs and release of prostanoids (PGE2, PGD2, and TXB2). Neither CdrV nor CBr induced the expression of COX-1 and COX-2 by macrophages. LDs induced by both CdrV and CBr are associated to PLIN2 recruitment and expression and were shown to be dependent on COX-1, but not COX-2 activity. Moreover, PGE2 colocalized to CdrV- and CBr-induced LDs, revealing the role of these organelles as sites for the synthesis of prostanoids. These results evidence, for the first time, the ability of a whole snake venom to induce formation of LDs and the potential role of these organelles for the production of inflammatory mediators during envenomation by Crotalus snakes.

Uma Contribuição para a Notificação de Acidentes com Arraias: Desenvolvimento de um Sistema Web para Gerir as Notificações / A Contribution to the Notification of Accidents with Ray Species: Developing a Web System for Managing Notifications / Una contribución a la Notificación de Accidentes con Rayas: Desarrollo de un Sistema Web de Gestión de Notificaciones

Objetivo: Desenvolver um sistema web para notificação de acidentes por arraias ocorridos no Estado do Amazonas. Método: Pesquisa aplicada desenvolvida em duas etapas principais: (i) especificação dos requisitos com uma profissional de imunologia; (ii) projeto e desenvolvimento de um sistema Web utilizando a plataforma JAVA e o Sistema Gerenciador de Banco de Dados MySQL; Resultados: O trabalhou resultou em um software web para gerir as notificações de acidentes com arraias cujo código fonte está disponibilizado para a comunidade sob a licença GNU (General Public Licence). Conclusão: O sistema desenvolvido poderá subsidiar estudos epidemiológicos, pesquisas sobre os tipos de ocorrência e gravidade de acidentes por arraias no Estado do Amazonas.

Objective: To develop a web system for notification of accidents with different ray species in the state of Amazonas. Method: Applied research developed in two main steps: (i) specification of requirements with an immunologist; (ii) design and implementation of a system web using the JAVA platform and MySQL database management system. Results: The work produced a web software to manage notification of accidents with rays. The source code of the system is available to the general public under the GNU general public license. Conclusion: The system developed here can be used to support epidemiologic studies and research into the different types of accidents involving rays and their severity in the state of Amazonas.

Objetivo: Desarrollar un sistema web para la notificación de accidentes por rayas ocurridos en el Estado de Amazonas. Método: Investigación aplicada desarrollada en dos fases principales: (i) obtención de requisites con una profesional del área de inmunología; (ii) diseño e implementación del sistema utilizando como plataformas de desarrollo Java y el Sistema Gestor de Bases de Datos MySQL. Resultados: El trabajo resultó en un sistema web para la notificación de accidentes por rayas, cuyo código fuente está disponible para la comunidad bajo la licencia GNU (General Public Licence). Conclusión: El sistema desarrollado puede apoyar estudios epidemiológicos, investigaciones sobre los tipos de incidencias y gravedad de los accidentes por rayas en el Estado de Amazonas.

Avaliação dos níveis de estresse psicológico em médicos residentes e não residentes de hospitais universitários / Evaluating stress levels on physicians residents and non-residents from academic hospitals

O estresse laboral é uma das maiores preocupações nos centros de trabalho, já que as manifestações repercutem na saúde e no bem-estar dos trabalhadores. Dentre as consequências mais reconhecidas está a Síndrome de Burnout. Este artigo é um relato de pesquisa realizado nas dependências dos Hospitais Universitários da Universidade Federal do Amazonas com objetivo de avaliar o estresse psicológico e burnout dosmédicos residentes e não residentes através do Inventário de Stress para Adultos de Lipp e o Inventário de Burnout de Maslach. Dos médicos residentes, 70% encontravam-se estressados; possuíam níveis baixos de Realização Pessoal. Quanto aos médicos não residentes, 87,9% não possuíam estresse. Os resultados evidenciam a necessidade da implantação de um serviço de apoio ao profissional da área da saúde, visto que este está sujeito a uma tripla tarefa: de cuidar dos indivíduos que o procuram, lutar contra as doenças da sociedade e atender às necessidades de si próprio(AU)

The laboral stress is one of the biggest concerns in work centers, since the symptoms have repercussions on workers' health and well-being. Among the best known consequences there is the Burnout Syndrome. This article is a research report carried out on the Universital Hospitals of the Universidade Federal do Amazonas with the objective of evaluating the psychological stress and burnout of the Residents and Non-Residents Doctors through the Lipp Inventory of Stress Symptoms in Adults and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. The results show that 70% of resident doctors were stressed, with low levels of Personal Achievement. About the non-residents doctors, 87,9% do not have stress. The results make clear the necessity to implement a service that helps the health professional, considering that they are subject of a triple work: take care of people who search for them, fight against society disease and attend to their own necessities(AU)

Experimental splenectomies and malaria in mice.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the importance of spleen in malaric infection in murino model, comparing the parasitemia and the titles of immunoglobulins in the different groups. METHODS: It was used female mice non-isogenic, inoculated with Plasmodium berghei, cepa ANKA, intraperitoneally. The parasitemia was analyzed in 23rd, 25th, 27th and 32nd day of the experiment, being the stained blood exam colored by Giemsa. The titles of the total serum immunoglobulins IgM and IgG were analyzed by Dot-ELISA technique, at 6th, 22nd and 32nd day, when the animals were sacrificed. RESULTS: The parasitemia was gradual in all the inoculated groups. In the end of the experiment, the animals with partial parasitemia present superior parasitemia, but next to the non-splenectomized, while the asplenics present difference bigger than the double. The levels of total serum IgM and IgG didn't have significant changes with the removal partial or total splenic. CONCLUSION: The techniques conservatives in splenic trauma are possible and necessary. The importance of remaining spleen in the clearance of red blood cells parasitized by Plasmodium berghei showed being efficient, in order to avoid serious complications resulting of the malaria in mice.

Experimental splenectomies and malaria in mice / Esplenectomias e malária experimental em camundongos

PURPOSE: To evaluate the importance of spleen in malaric infection in murino model, comparing the parasitemia and the titles of imunoglobulins in the different groups. METHODS: It was used female mice non-isogenic, in inoculated with Plasmodium berghei, cepa ANKA, intraperitoneally. The parasitemia was analyzed in 23rd, 25th, 27th and 32nd day of the experiment, being the stained blood' exam colored by Giemsa. The titles of the total serum immunoglobulins IgM and IgG were analyzed by Dot-ELISA technique, at 6th, 22nd and 32nd day, when the animals were sacrificed. RESULTS: The parasitemia was gradual in all the inoculated groups. In the end of the experiment, the animals with partial parasitemia present superior parasitemia, but next to the non-splenectomized, while the asplenics present difference bigger than the double. The levels of total serum IgM and IgG didin´t have significant changes with the removal partial or total splenic. CONCLUSION: The techniques conservatives in splenic trauma are possible and necessary. The importance of remaining spleen in the clearance of red blood cells parasitized by Plasmodium berghei showed being efficient, in order to avoid serious complications resulting of the malaria in mice.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a importância do baço na infecção malárica em modelo murino, comparando a parasitemia e os títulos das imunoglobulinas nos diferentes grupos. MÉTODOS: Utilizaram-se camundongos fêmeos não isogênicos, inoculados com Plasmodium berghei, cepa ANKA, intraperitoneal. A parasitemia foi analisada no 23°, 25°, 27º e 32° dia do experimento, sendo o exame do esfregaço sangüíneo, corado pelo Giemsa. As titulações das imunoglobulinas totais séricas IgM e IgG foram realizadas pela técnica Dot-ELISA, no 6°, 22° e no 32° dia, quando os animais foram sacrificados. RESULTADOS: A parasitemia foi progressiva em todos os grupos inoculados. Ao final do experimento, os animais com esplenectomia parcial apresentaram parasitemia superior, porém próximos as dos não esplenectomizados, enquanto que os asplênicos apresentaram diferença superior a 100 por cento. Os níveis de IgM e IgG totais séricos não foram alterados significativamente com a remoção parcial ou total esplênica. CONCLUSÃO: As técnicas conservadoras no trauma esplênico são possíveis e necessárias. A importância do remanescente esplênico no clearence das hemácias infectadas pelo Plasmodium berghei demonstrou ser eficiente, de modo a evitar sérias complicações decorrentes da malária em camundongos.

Componentes das imunidades inata e adaptativa presentes na saliva humana / Components of the innate and adaptative immunity present in human saliva

A cavidade bucal é a porta principal de entrada de patógenos para o corpo humano. No entanto, devido a um complexo mecanismo de defesa, os inúmeros agentes infecciosos que colonizam ou penetram a cavidade bucal não ocasionam patologias. A saliva, além de desempenharas funções de hidratação e lubrificação dos tecidos da cavidade bucal, atua diretamente na regulação da microbiota e na proteção contra microrganismos. A função de proteção é desempenhada por componentes celulares e moleculares pertencentes às imunidades inata e adaptativa que atuam sobre bactérias, fungos e vírus. As proteínas da imunidade inata constituem a primeira linha de defesa do organismo, e as imunoglobulinas, secretadas pelos linfócitos B1 da imunidade inata e pelos linfócitos B da imunidade adaptativa, potencializam esse mecanismo protetor. Nesta revisão foram destacados os principais componentes celulares e moleculares pertencentes ao Sistema Imune Inato e ao Sistema Imune Adaptativo que atuam na proteção e na manutenção da homeostasia da cavidade bucal

The oral cavity is the main pathway through which pathogens enter the human body. However, as a result of a complex defense mechanism, the numerous infectious agents that enter and colonize the oral cavity do not cause pathologies. Besides moisturizing and lubricating the oral cavity tissues, the saliva acts directly in the regulation of the microbiota and in the protection against microorganisms. The protective function is performed by the cellular and molecular components of the innate and adaptive immunity, which act against bacteria, fungi and viruses. The proteins of the innate immunity are the organism first line of defense and the immunoglobulin, which are secreted by the B1 lymphocytes of the innate immunity and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immunity, boost the protective mechanism. In this review we emphasize the main cellular and molecular components that belong to the Innate Immune System and to the Adaptive Immune System, which act in the protection and the maintenance of the oral cavity homeostasis

Aspectos epidemiológicos e clínicos dos acidentes ofídicos ocorridos nos municípios do Estado do Amazonas / Epidemiological and clincal aspects of snake accidentes in the municipalities of the State of Amazonas, Brazil

No Amazonas, o acidente ofídico é um problema de saúde pública pouco conhecido. Por este motivo, foi realizado um estudo descritivo dos acidentes ofídicos atendidos nas Unidades de Saúde de 34 municípios, um distrito e dois pelotöes de fronteira do Estado do Amazonas. As características mais comuns encontradas dentre os pacientes foram: agricultor (50,4 por cento), do sexo masculino (81,3 por cento), em idade produtiva (72,1 por cento), picado no membro inferior (88,5 por cento), por jararaca (48,6 por cento) ou surucucu (46,8 por cento), na zona rural de seu município (70,2 por cento) e que só recebeu atendimento médico em tempo superior a seis horas, após acidente (57,3 por cento). As manifestaçöes locais mais freqüentes foram: edema (76,9 por cento), dor (68,7 por cento), eritema (10,2 por cento) e hemorragia (9,3 por cento). Hemorragia (18,8 por cento) foi a manifestaçäo sistêmica mais freqüente. O antiveneno foi administrado em apenas 65,9 por cento dos pacientes. A via mais utilizada foi a endovenosa (52,3 por cento), sendo relevante o uso de vias nao mais recomendadas (47,7 por cento). O antiveneno administrado, na maioria dos pacientes, foi o antibotrópico (66,7 por cento). As complicaçöes mais freqüentes foram abcesso (13,7 por cento), necrose (12,3 por cento), infecçäo secundária (8,3 por cento), insuficiência renal (2,5 por cento) e gangrena (2,5 por cento). Os procedimentos médicos mais usados para o tratamento das complicaçöes foram: drenagem (52,6 por cento), debridamento (28,9 por cento), amputaçäo (10,5 por cento), limpeza cirúrgica (5,3 por cento) e diálise peritoneal (2,6 por cento). A letalidade foi de 1 por cento

Ineficacia do antiveneno botropico na neutralizacao da atividade coagulante do veneno de Lachesis muta muta: relato de caso e comprovacao experimental / Inefficacy of bothropic antivenom on the neutralization of the coagulant activity of Lachesis muta muta venom: case report and experimental evidence

No Estado do Amazonas, nas regioes circunvizinhas a cidade de Manaus, as principais especies de serpentes causadoras de acidentes sao Bothrops atrox e Lachesis muta muta com um percentual de ocorrencia, dos acidentes confirmados, de 76 por cento e 17 por cento, respectivamente. Rotineiramente, na ausencia dos soros antilaquetico e antibotropico-laquetico o Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Manaus (IMTM), utiliza-se do soro antibotropico no tratamento do acidente laquetico. Neste trabalho relatamos um caso de acidente por L. m. muta, onde o paciete foi tratado com 20 ampolas do soro antibotropico e permaneceu com o sangue incoagulavel ate o 13§ dia apos o acidente...

Caracterizacion de las actividades biologicas de los venenos ‘amarillo’ y ‘blanco’ de Crotalus durissus ruruima comparados con el veneno de Crotalus durissus terrificus. Poder neutralizante de los antivenenos frente a los venenos de Crotalus durissus ruruima / Characterization of the biological activities of venoms 'yellow' and 'white' from Crotalus durissus ruruima compared with the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus. Neutralizing power of antivenoms against the venom of Crotalus durissus ruruima

The biological activities of ‘yellow’ and ‘white’ venom of a rattlesnake Crotalus durissus ruruima Hoge, 1965, found in the savanna-like vegetation (cerrado) of northern Brazil (Roraima) and Venezuela have been studied, and compared to the reference Crotalus durissus terrificus venom. The lethal activity of venoms depended on the inoculation route. The most toxic venom was the white one. The venoms of C. d. terrificus and the yellow of C. d. ruruima had similar lethalities. The yellow venom of C. d. ruruima showed a caseinolytic activity three times higher than that obtained with either the venom of C. d. terrificus or the white one of the C. d. ruruima. Hemorrhagic and necrotic activities were found only in the yellow venom. White and yellow venoms from C. d. ruruima showed a similar action on fibrinogen; this thrombin-like action was greater with C. d. terrificus venom. On histopathological sections local and pulmonary hemorrhage was found only with the yellow venom, but myonecrotic activity was observed with both venoms of C. d. ruruima. Among all antivenoms studied, the anti-bothropic-crotalic was the best at neutralizing hemorrhagic and hemolytic activities. These results suggest that antivenom bothropic-crotalic should be used in the treatment of patients with snakebite by C. d. ruruima: besides its neutralization on lethal activity, it also neutralizes the hemorrhagic activity present in some venoms.